Systems (Chapters 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16)

The human body, like those of all animals, is made up of systems that allow us to meet our basic needs (food, water, oxygen, and the right environment).

• A system has a general function.
• A system is made up of parts.
• Each part has a function that supports the functioning of the system.
• The structure of the part allows the part to "do its job."
• No system works alone. (Systems work together.)

• All living organisms are made up of cells, and each type of cell has a characteristic structure.
• The structure of cells reflects their function.
• Some parts of a cell can be observed with a microscope.
• Cells have the same basic needs that humans have (food, water, oxygen, and the right environmental conditions).
• New cells are made when the original cells divide.

• All organisms (and cells) need a source of matter. Organisms cannot create matter from nothing, nor can they make matter disappear.
• All the "stuff" it takes to make the body of an organism (or of a cell) must come from somewhere. Plants get "stuff" from the environment. Animals get it from their food.
• Three types of "building blocks"—carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen—are especially important for life.
• All organisms need a source of energy. Plants use energy from the sun; animals get their energy from food.
• Everything an organism (or a cell) does requires energy. Nothing happens without energy.

• Hereditary information is contained in genes. Genes make up the chromosomes that are found in the nucleus of each cell.
• Each gene carries a single unit of information. This may control one trait or influence many traits.
• People can be described in terms of their traits. Some traits are inherited and others result from interactions with the environment.
• In humans and other organisms that reproduce sexually, half of the genetic information comes from the mother and half from the father. The offspring is never identical to either parent.
• If you know which genes parents have for a particular trait, you can list the possible outcomes a child can inherit and the likelihood of each one.

• Many organisms are too small to see without magnification.
• Some (not all) microorganisms can cause health problems.

• The choices a person makes can affect the health of a specific body system and/or of the whole body.
• Some health problems are "caught" and some are inherited.
• All body systems change in predictable ways as a person grows older.

 

---


Chapter 6: SKELETAL SYSTEM

SYSTEMS

• A system has a general function. (see the big idea for the chapter)

• A system is made up of parts. (organs)
• bones such as skull, vertebrae, clavicle, scapula, humerus, femur, pelvis
• Each part (organ) has a function that supports the functioning of the system.
• e.g., skull protects the brain
• The structure of the part allows the part to "do its job."
• e.g., flat, fused bones enclose the brain
• e.g., bone cells release minerals that make the bone hard
• No system works alone. (Systems work together.)
• e.g., the muscular system works with the skeletal system to allow movement

• All living organisms are made up of cells and each type of cell has a characteristic structure.
• bone cells have long extensions
• The structure of cells reflects their function.
• the extensions reach capillaries where the cell can get minerals to keep bones healthy

• Bones are not alive (they don’t need, oxygen, "food," etc.).
• Bones don’t contain cells.
• Bones are solid—they don’t have spaces.

SYSTEMS
 

A system has a general function. (see the big idea for the chapter)

• A system is made up of parts. (organs)
• individual muscles (gluteus maximus, biceps, triceps, etc.)
• Each part (organ) has a function that supports the functioning of the system.
• e.g., the biceps bends the arm; the triceps straightens it
• The structure of the part allows the part to "do its job."
• e.g., each skeletal muscle attaches to at least two bones so when it contracts the bones move
• No system works alone. (Systems work together.)
• e.g., the muscular system works with the skeletal system to allow movement

• All living organisms are made up of cells and each type of cell has a characteristic structure.
• skeletal muscle cells are long and skinny
• The structure of cells reflects their function.
• the cells extend from one point to another so when they contract movement results
• Also: Smooth and cardiac muscle cells are not part of the
muscular system; they are part of other body systems.

• Muscle cells can push and pull. [They can only pull.]

SYSTEMS

• A system has a general function. (see the big idea for the chapter)
• A system is made up of parts. (organs)
• Skin consists of one organ—skin.
• Each part (organ) has a function that supports the functioning of the system.
• [ Since the skin can be considered an organ or a system, this is the same as the functioning of the system. ]
• The structure of the part allows the part to "do its job."
• e.g., the outer layer of cells is dead so can easily be replaced if damaged
• e.g., the inner layer of living cells divide to produce the outer layer
• No system works alone. (Systems work together.)
• e.g., skin sends signals about the environment through the nervous system

• Many organisms are too small to see without magnification.
• Bacteria can be seen with the microscopes used in schools.
• Some fungi can be seen without magnification, but it usually helps to use a microscope.
• Viruses are too small to see with the microscopes used in schools.
• Some (not all) microorganisms can cause health problems.
• Skin serves as a barrier to keep out microorganisms.
• Some types of microorganisms cause health problems that affect the skin.

• All microorganisms are bad (i.e., they’re all "germs").

MATTER

• All the "stuff" it takes to make the body of a complex organism (or even of a single cell) must come from food.
• the protein, carbohydrate, and fat in food is used by cells to make more cells
• Three types of "building blocks"—carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen—are especially important for life.
• protein, carbohydrate, and fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (protein also contains nitrogen)

• All organisms need a source of energy.
• Humans (and other animals) get their energy by breaking down the body structures of other animals or plants (i.e., by eating).
• Everything an organism (or a cell) does requires energy. Nothing happens without energy.
• It takes energy to talk, breathe, digest food . . . even sleep!

• The choices a person makes can affect the health of a specific body system and/or of the whole body.
• Eating too many high fat foods can result in heart problems.

• Bodies are kind of "magic." They can make what they need from nothing.
• The only reason an organism needs energy is for movement (or to do "work").
• Food is what humans eat.
• We eat to get vitamins and energy (not to get the "stuff" necessary for growth and repair).

SYSTEMS

• A system has a general function. (see the big idea for the chapter)
• A system is made up of parts. (organs)
• mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
• Each part (organ) has a function that supports the functioning of the system.
• e.g., in the mouth, a bite of food is broken down into smaller pieces
• The structure of the part allows the part to "do its job."
• e.g., the mouth contains teeth for mashing and chopping food, a tongue to churn the food, muscular cheeks to keep food in the mouth and moving, saliva . . .
• No system works alone. (Systems work together.)
• e.g., the digestive system provides the food that all other systems need for energy

• All the "stuff" it takes to make the body of a complex organism (or even of a single cell) comes from food.
• All organisms need a source of energy.
• Humans (and other animals) get their energy by breaking down the body structures of other animals or plants (i.e., by eating).

• The small intestine is short; the large intestine is long.
• The stomach just holds food.
• The urinary bladder is part of the digestive system.
• Most of the food we eat goes in the mouth and disappears or goes out the anus.

SYSTEMS

• A system has a general function. (see the big idea for the chapter)
• A system is made up of parts. (organs)
• heart, blood vessels (aorta, arteries, veins, capillaries), blood (red blood cells)
• Each part (organ) has a function that supports the functioning of the system.
• e.g., capillaries are where gases are exchanged between blood and cells
• The structure of the part allows the part to "do its job."
• e.g., the walls of a capillary are a single cell thick which allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to move in and out of these tiny vessels
• No system works alone. (Systems work together.)
• e.g., the circulatory system carries gases to and from the respiratory system

• All living organisms are made up of cells, and each type of cell has a characteristic structure.
• red blood cells are tiny, smooth, and round
• The structure of cells reflects their function.
• The shape of a red blood red cell allows it to move easily through capillaries.

• Organisms cannot create matter from nothing, nor can they make matter disappear.
• Blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, and food molecules from one part of the body to another.

• Blood is a red liquid (not a liquid that contains cells).
• Capillaries are found in several spots in the body (but not everywhere).
• Some blood is blue.
• Most of the time (but not always) blood is in vessels.

SYSTEMS

• A system has a general function. (see the big idea for the chapter)
• A system is made up of parts. (organs)
• nose-trachea-bronchial tubes-lungs
• Each part has a function that supports the functioning of the system.
• e.g., in the lungs, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
• The structure of the part allows the part to "do its job."
• e.g., a lung is made up of millions of tiny air sacs that increases surface area
• No system works alone. (Systems work together.)
• e.g., the respiratory system wouldn’t be able to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body without the circulatory system

• Organisms cannot create matter from nothing, nor can they make matter disappear.
• The carbon in carbon dioxide comes from the food we eat. The oxygen comes from the air we breathe.
• Everything an organism (or a cell) does requires energy. Nothing happens without energy.
• It takes energy to talk, breathe, digest food, . . . even sleep!

• The choices a person makes can affect the health of a specific body system and/or of the whole body.
• example: smoking cigarettes

• trachea = esophagus
• Lungs are hollow like balloons.
• Air is nothing. or Air is another word for oxygen.
• The body(as opposed to the cells) needs oxygen.
• The body creates carbon when it changes oxygen into carbon dioxide.

SYSTEMS

• A system has a general function. (see the big idea for the chapter)
• A system is made up of parts.
• White blood cells are key to the functioning of the immune system.
• Each part has a function that supports the functioning of the system
• White blood cells detect and destroy foreign cells (e.g., infection-causing microorganisms).

• Many organisms are too small to see without magnification.
• Some of these organisms—specific types of bacteria, viruses, and fungi—live and thrive in the body
• The human body provides many niches for a variety of microorganisms to live because, like larger organisms, microorganisms need food, air, water, and the right environmental conditions.
• Some (not all) microorganisms can cause health problems.
• Specific types of microorganisms cause specific health problems.
• White blood cells are responsible for detecting and destroying microorganisms that cause health problems.

• Some health problems are "caught" and some are inherited.
• Health problems are diagnosed based on their characteristics.
• Health problems that are infectious (contagious/communicable) are caused by microorganisms and can be transferred from one person to another.

• All microorganisms are bad (i.e., they’re all "germs").

SYSTEMS

• A system has a general function. (see the big idea for the chapter)
• A system is made up of parts. (organs)
• sense organs (with focus on eyes and ears), nerves, spinal cord, brain
• Each part (organ) has a function that supports the functioning of the system.
• e.g., the spinal cord carries messages from all parts of the body to the brain
• e.g., the brain has specialized areas (cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla), each of which has a particular function
• The structure of the part allows the part to "do its job."
• e.g., the spinal cord is a bundle of long nerve cells that extend from one part of the body to specific parts of the brain
[Note: Students do NOT need to know the parts of the ear.]
• No system works alone. (Systems work together.)
• e.g., the nervous system triggers skeletal muscles to contract

• All living organisms are made up of cells and each type of cell has a characteristic structure.
• nerve cells have long projections
• The structure of cells reflects their function.
• nerve cells extend from one part of the body to another to coordinate the body’s activities

• The body "does things" without needing any internal communication mechanism.
• The brain is a part of every body system.

SYSTEMS

• No system works alone. (Systems work together.)
• When the functioning of one system is altered, other systems are also affected.

• The choices a person makes can affect the health of a specific body system and/or of the whole body.
• A drug is any substance that affects the normal functioning of the body.
• Illegal drugs are mind-altering and/or addictive.
• The effects of alcohol on the body are predictable.
• Whether or not a person chooses to drink or use other mind-altering drugs may depend on how the person perceives the risks and benefits.

MISCONCEPTIONS / NAIVE CONCEPTIONS

• All drugs are bad.
• Adults say drugs are harmful just to scare kids.
• Trying a drug just once can’t hurt.
• Alcohol is not a drug.

SYSTEMS

• A system has a general function. (see the big idea for the chapter)
• A system is made up of parts. (organs)
• female: ovary, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina
• male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis
• Each part (organ) has a function that supports the functioning of the system.
• e.g., the ovary produces eggs
• e.g., the epididymis is where sperm mature
• The structure of the part allows the part to "do its job."
• e.g., the uterus is made up of smooth muscle tissue so it can expand and contract to provide room for a growing fetus
• e.g., the vas deferens is a long tube that carries sperm from the testis to the urethra
• e.g., the uterine lining is sloughed about 14 days after an egg is released
• No system works alone. (Systems work together.)
• e.g., the structures in the reproductive system rely on the digestive and circulatory systems for food

• All body systems change in predictable ways as a person grows older.
• During puberty, the reproductive system becomes active.
• e.g., puberty in both males and females: body hair appears, bones grow, appetite increases
• e.g., the order of changes is predictable, not the exact times

• There is a "normal" timeline for specific body changes during maturation.

CELLS

• The structure of cells reflects their function.
• e.g., egg cells contain the nutrients that are necessary for early stages of development
• e.g., sperm cells have tails that allow them to move quickly

• All the "stuff" it takes to make the body of an organism comes from somewhere. Animals get the "stuff" from their food.
• The food the mother eats provides the nutrients (carbons) needed to make a baby (its cells, tissues, and organs).
• The oxygen the mother breathes provides the oxygen needed by the growing baby’s cells.

• The choices a person makes can affect the health of a specific body system and/or of the whole body.
• The best choice for a teen is abstinence.
• Sexual activity can result in STDs, emotional stress, and unwanted pregnancy.
• Some health problems are "caught" and some are inherited.
• Some microorganisms are passed from one person to another as a result of sexual activity. The diseases that result are called STDs.
• All body systems change in predictable ways as a person grows older.
• During the first three months of development, cells multiply and begin to differentiate to form organs.
• During the second three months, organs and body structures develop.
• During the last three months, the organs and body structures finish forming.

MISCONCEPTIONS / NAIVE CONCEPTIONS

• Sex is a recreational sport.

CELLS

• All living organisms are made up of cells, and each type of cell has a characteristic structure.
• In multicellular organisms, cells are the basic unit of life. (cells-tissues-organs-systems-organisms)
• Some organisms, such as bacteria, are made up of single-cells.
• bone cells, skeletal muscle cells, red blood cells, nerve cells, sperm, eggs
• The structure of cells reflects their function.
• Some parts of a cell can be observed with a microscope.
• animal cells: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
• plant cells: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus AND cell wall, chloroplast
• The nucleus of plant and animal cells contains chromosomes.
• Cells have the same basic needs that humans have (food, water, oxygen, and the right environmental conditions).
• New cells are made when the original cells divide.
• When body cells divide, the new cells are like the original cells.
• When sex cells divide, the new cells have half as many chromosomes as the original cells.

• All cells need a source of matter. Cells cannot create matter from nothing nor can they make matter disappear
• e.g., cells use sugar to make new cells
• Everything a cell does requires energy. Nothing happens without energy.
• e.g., cells break down sugar to get energy

• Fat isn’t made up of cells.
• Chromosomes are only in brain cells (and maybe in sex cells).
• Only blood cells need oxygen.

HEREDITY

• Hereditary information is contained in genes. Genes make up the chromosomes that are found in the nucleus of each cell.
• Each gene carries a single unit of information. This may control one trait or influence many traits.
• People can be described in terms of their traits. Some traits are inherited and others result from interactions with the environment.
• In humans and other organisms that reproduce sexually, half of the genetic information comes from the mother and half from the father. The offspring is never identical to either parent.
• If you know which genes parents have for a particular trait, you can list the possible outcomes a child can inherit and the likelihood of each one.

MISCONCEPTIONS / NAIVE CONCEPTIONS

• A child inherits more traits from the parent of the same sex.
• Given enough time, an environmental trait can be inherited. (E.g., if a brown-haired mother dyes her hair all her life, her offspring might inherit brown hair.)
• For any given trait, a child must be like one of the parents.
• Chromosomes are like containers; genes are inside of them.
• Chromosomes, genes, and cells are all about the same size.
• Only traits that have to do with sex are on the X and Y chromosomes.
• You can look at chromosomes and see the genes.

SYSTEMS
 

• Plants are made up of parts. Each part has a function.
• leaf, stem, root, flower
• The parts allow a plant to meet its needs (light, water, carbon dioxide, the right environmental conditions).
• e.g., roots take up water and support the plant

• All living organisms are made up of cells, and each type of cell has a characteristic structure.
• All parts of a plant are made up of cells.
• leaf cells, root cells, flower petal cells
• Some parts of a cell can be observed with a microscope.
• plant cells: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus AND cell wall, chloroplast

• All organisms need a source of matter. Organisms cannot create matter from nothing nor can they make matter disappear.
• e.g., plant cells take carbon dioxide from the air and can use the carbon to make more cells

• All organisms need a source of energy. Plants use energy from the sun.
• Plants use energy from the sun to make sugar.
• It takes energy to combine carbon dioxide and water to make sugar.
• Everything an organism (or a cell) does requires energy. Nothing happens without energy.
• Plants need energy to grow, repair damaged tissue, make sugars from carbon dioxide, etc.

• Plants are totally different from animals, especially humans.
• Plants aren’t made up of cells.
• Plants make oxygen for people. [Plants release oxygen because they don’t need all they make.